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<title>Time-based currency</title>

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Time-based currency

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</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Time-based currency</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="infobox-caption">A community timebank in <a href="Kingswood_Estate" title="Kingswood Estate">Kingswood Estate</a>, London</div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightskyblue">Unit</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Unit</th><td class="infobox-data">Hours</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="Currency_symbol" title="Currency symbol">Symbol</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Time Dollar‎</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nickname</th><td class="infobox-data">Timebanking</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: lightskyblue">Demographics</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Date of introduction</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="19th_century" title="19th century">19th century</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">User(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Global</td></tr></tbody></table>

In <a href="Economics" title="Economics">economics</a>, a time-based currency is an <a href="Alternative_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Alternative currency">alternative currency</a> or exchange system where the <a href="Unit_of_account" title="Unit of account">unit of account</a> is the <a href="Person-hour" class="mw-redirect" title="Person-hour">person-hour</a> or some other time unit. Some time-based currencies value everyone's contributions equally: one hour equals one service credit. In these systems, one person volunteers to work for an hour for another person; thus, they are credited with one hour, which they can redeem for an hour of service from another volunteer. Others use time units that might be fractions of an hour (e.g. minutes, ten minutes – 6 units/hour, or 15 minutes – 4 units/hour). While most time-based exchange systems are service exchanges in that most exchange involves the provision of services that can be measured in a time unit, it is also possible to exchange goods by 'pricing' them in terms of the average national hourly wage rate (e.g. if the average hourly rate is $20/hour, then a commodity valued at $20 in the national currency would be equivalent to 1 hour).

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_century">19th century</h3></div>

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</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="Labour_voucher" title="Labour voucher">Labour voucher</a> and <a href="Cincinnati_Time_Store" title="Cincinnati Time Store">Cincinnati Time Store</a></div>

Time-based currency exchanges date back to the early 19th century.

The <a href="Cincinnati_Time_Store" title="Cincinnati Time Store">Cincinnati Time Store</a> (1827-1830) was the first in a series of retail stores created by <a href="United_States" title="United States">American</a> <a href="Individualist_anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Individualist anarchist">individualist anarchist</a> <a href="Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a> to test his economic <a href="Labor_theory_of_value" title="Labor theory of value">labor theory of value</a>.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> The experimental store operated from May 18, 1827, until May 1830.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The Cincinnati Time Store experiment in use of labor as a medium of exchange antedated similar European efforts by two decades.<a href="#cite_note-Fishbein-3">[3]</a>

The National Equitable Labour Exchange was founded by <a href="Robert_Owen" title="Robert Owen">Robert Owen</a>, a Welsh <a href="Socialist" class="mw-redirect" title="Socialist">socialist</a> and labor reformer in <a href="London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="England" title="England">England</a>, in 1832.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> It was established in <a href="Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a>, England, before folding in 1834. It issued "Labour Notes" similar to banknotes, denominated in units of 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 40, and 80 hours. <a href="John_Gray_(19th_century_socialist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Gray (19th century socialist)">John Gray</a>, a socialist <a href="Economics" title="Economics">economist</a>, worked with Owen and later with <a href="Ricardian_socialism" title="Ricardian socialism">Ricardian Socialists</a> and postulated a National Chamber of Commerce as a central bank issuing a labour currency.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a>

In 1848, the socialist and first self-designated <a href="Anarchist" class="mw-redirect" title="Anarchist">anarchist</a> <a href="Pierre-Joseph_Proudhon" title="Pierre-Joseph Proudhon">Pierre-Joseph Proudhon</a> postulated a system of time chits.

<a href="Josiah_Warren" title="Josiah Warren">Josiah Warren</a> published a book describing <a href="Labor_notes_(currency)" class="mw-redirect" title="Labor notes (currency)">labor notes</a> in 1852.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a>

In 1875, <a href="Karl_Marx" title="Karl Marx">Karl Marx</a> wrote of "Labor Certificates" (Arbeitszertifikaten) in his <a href="Critique_of_the_Gotha_Program" class="mw-redirect" title="Critique of the Gotha Program">Critique of the Gotha Program</a> of a "certificate from society that [the labourer] has furnished such and such an amount of labour", which can be used to draw "from the social stock of means of consumption as much as costs the same amount of labour."<a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="20th_century">20th century</h3></div>

<a href="Teruko_Mizushima" title="Teruko Mizushima">Teruko Mizushima</a> (1920-1996) was a Japanese housewife, author, inventor, social commentator, and activist credited with creating the world's first <a href="Timebanking" class="mw-redirect" title="Timebanking">time bank</a> in 1973.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELietaer20044-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2007169-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayashi201233-10">[10]</a>

Mizushima was born in 1920 in <a href="Osaka" title="Osaka">Osaka</a> to a merchant household.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2008a5-11">[11]</a> She performed well in school and was given the opportunity to study overseas in the United States in 1939. Her stay was shortened from three years to one due to rising tensions between the US, Japan, and China. Mizushima opted to pursue a short-term diploma course in sewing.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2008a6-12">[12]</a>

After returning home, she married. Her first daughter was born at the outbreak of the <a href="Pacific_War" title="Pacific War">Pacific War</a>, and her husband was soon conscripted into the army.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2008a7-13">[13]</a>

Mizushima's sewing skills proved invaluable to her family during and after the war. While the Japanese population was suffering immense material shortages,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower199987-112-14">[14]</a> Mizushima offered her sewing skills in exchange for fresh vegetables. It was during this time that she began to develop her ideas about economics and the relative value of labor.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2008a11,_12-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2007169-9">[9]</a>

In 1950, Mizushima submitted an essay to a newspaper contest as part of a national event titled “Women's Ideas for the Creation of a New Life.”<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMizushima1984191-16">[16]</a> Her essay received the Newspaper Companies’ Prize.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELietaer20044-8">[8]</a> While it has since been lost, the ideas in the essay attracted widespread press attention.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2008a20-17">[17]</a>

Mizushima soon became a social commentator, with her views being aired on the radio, in the newspapers, and on television. She frequently appeared on the <a href="NHK" title="NHK">NHK</a>, the country's national broadcaster, and toured the country giving talks about her ideas.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2008a25-18">[18]</a>

In 1973 she started her group the Volunteer Labour Bank (later renamed the Volunteer Labour Network). By 1978, the bank had grown to include approximately 2,600 members. The membership included people of all ages, from teenagers to women in their seventies. The majority of members were housewives in their thirties and forties. Members were organized into over 160 local branches throughout the country, coordinated by the headquarters located on Mizushima’s estate.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2007169-9">[9]</a>

By 1983, the network had over 3,800 members organized in 262 branches, including a branch in California.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELietaer20044-8">[8]</a>

The political activist and philosopher <a href="Cornelius_Castoriadis" title="Cornelius Castoriadis">Cornelius Castoriadis</a>, after criticizing the incoherency of capitalist, Leninist, and Trotskyist justifications of wage differentials in his 1949 <a href="Socialisme_ou_Barbarie" title="Socialisme ou Barbarie">Socialisme ou Barbarie</a> text translated as “The Relations of Production in Russia” in the first volume of his Political and Social Writings,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a> responding to the <a href="Hungarian_Revolution_of_1956" title="Hungarian Revolution of 1956">Hungarian Revolution of 1956</a>, advocated that workers “proclaim the abolition of work norms and instaurate full equality of wages and salaries” in his 1957 Socialisme ou Barbarie text translated as "On the Content of Socialism, II".<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> He elaborated further on this advocacy of an “absolute equality of wages and incomes” in his 1974 text, "Hierarchy of Salaries and Incomes",<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> and in the “Today” section of “Done and To Be Done” (1989).<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>

<a href="Edgar_S._Cahn" title="Edgar S. Cahn">Edgar S. Cahn</a> coined the term "Time Dollars" in Time Dollars: The New Currency That Enables Americans to Turn Their Hidden Resource-Time-Into Personal Security & Community Renewal, a book co-authored with Jonathan Rowe in 1992.<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> He also went on to trademark the terms "TimeBank" and "Time Credit".<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-25">[25]</a>

Timebanking is a community development tool and works by facilitating the exchange of skills and experience within a community. It aims to build the 'core economy' of family and community by valuing and rewarding the work done in it. The world's first timebank was started in Japan by <a href="Teruko_Mizushima" title="Teruko Mizushima">Teruko Mizushima</a> in 1973<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a> with the idea that participants could earn time credits which they could spend any time during their lives. She based her bank on the simple concept that each hour of time given as services to others could earn reciprocal hours of services for the giver at some stage in the future, particularly in old age when they might need it most. In the 1940s, Mizushima had already foreseen the emerging problems of an ageing society such as seen today. In the 1990s the movement took off in the US, with Dr Edgar Cahn pioneering it there, and in the United Kingdom, with Martin Simon from Timebanking UK and David Boyle, who brought in the London-based New Economics Foundation (Nef).

<a href="Paul_Glover_(activist)" title="Paul Glover (activist)">Paul Glover</a> created <a href="Ithaca_Hours" title="Ithaca Hours">Ithaca Hours</a> in 1991. Each HOUR was valued at one hour of basic labor or $10.00. Professionals were entitled to charge multiple HOURS per hour, but often reduced their rate in the spirit of equity. Millions of dollars' worth of HOURS were traded among thousands of residents and 500 businesses. Interest-free HOUR loans were made, and HOUR grants given to over 100 community organizations.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a>

The first British time bank opened in 1998 in Stroud, and a national charity and membership organisation, Timebanking UK, started in 2002.<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3></div>

According to Edgar S. Cahn, timebanking had its roots in a time when "money for social programs [had] dried up"<a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> and no dominant approach to <a href="Social_service" class="mw-redirect" title="Social service">social service</a> in the U.S. was coming up with creative ways to solve the problem. He would later write that "Americans face at least three interlocking sets of problems: growing inequality in access by those at the bottom to the most basic goods and services; increasing social problems stemming from the need to rebuild family, neighborhood and community; and a growing disillusion with public programs designed to address these problems"<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> and that "the crisis in support for efforts to address social problems stems directly from the failure of ... piecemeal efforts to rebuild genuine community."<a href="#cite_note-Cahn_1999_507-31">[31]</a> In particular Cahn focused on the top-down attitude prevalent in social services. He believed that one of the major failings of many social service organizations was their unwillingness to enroll the help of those people they were trying to help.<a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> He called this a deficit based approach to social service, where organizations view the people they were trying to help only in terms of their needs, as opposed to an asset based approach, which focuses on the contributions towards their communities that everyone can make.<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a> He theorized that a system like timebanking could "[rebuild] the infrastructure of trust and caring that can strengthen families and communities."<a href="#cite_note-Cahn_1999_507-31">[31]</a> He hoped that the system "would enable individuals and communities to become more self-sufficient, to insulate themselves from the vagaries of politics and to tap the capacity of individuals who were in effect being relegated to the scrap heap and dismissed as freeloaders."<a href="#cite_note-Cahn_2004_5_6-34">[34]</a>

As a philosophy, timebanking, also known as Time Trade<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a> is founded upon five principles, known as TimeBanking's Core Values:<a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a>

<ul><li>Everyone is an asset</li>

<li>Some work is beyond a monetary price</li>

<li>Reciprocity in helping</li>

<li>Community (via social networks) is necessary</li>

<li>A respect for all human beings</li></ul>

Ideally, timebanking builds community. TimeBank members sometimes refer to this as a return to simpler times when the community was there for its individuals. An interview at a timebank in the Gorbals neighbourhood of Glasgow revealed the following sentiment:

<blockquote>[the time bank] involves everybody coming together as a community ... the Gorbals has never—not for a long time—had a lot of community spirit. Way back, years ago, it had a lot of community spirit, but now you see that in some areas, people won't even go to the chap next door for some sugar ... that's what I think the project's doing, trying to bring that back, that community sense ...<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a></blockquote>

In 2017 Nimses offered a concept of a time-based currency Nim.<a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> 1 nim = 1 minute of life. The concept was first adopted in <a href="Eastern_Europe" title="Eastern Europe">Eastern Europe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a>

The concept is based on the idea of universal <a href="Basic_income" class="mw-redirect" title="Basic income">basic income</a>. Every person is an issuer of nims. For every minute of one's life, 1 nim is created, which can be spent or sent to another person, like money.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Time_dollars">Time dollars</h2></div>

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</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of a series on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background-color: lavender"><a href="Numismatics" title="Numismatics">Numismatics</a> the study of currency</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above">

<ul><li><a href="Glossary_of_numismatics" title="Glossary of numismatics">Glossary</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<ul><li><a href="Coin" title="Coin">Coins</a></li>

<li><a href="Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknotes</a></li>

<li><a href="Counterfeit_money" title="Counterfeit money">Forgery</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="List_of_circulating_currencies" title="List of circulating currencies">Circulating currencies</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li>Africa</li>

<li>Europe</li>

<li>North America</li>

<li>South America</li>

<li>Oceania</li></ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currencies</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Company_scrip" title="Company scrip">Company scrip</a></li>

</ul>

<dl><dt><a href="Fictional_currency" title="Fictional currency">Fictional currencies</a></dt></dl>

<dl><dt><a href="List_of_proposed_currencies" title="List of proposed currencies">Proposed currencies</a></dt></dl></div></div></td>

</tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content">

<div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background-color: lavender;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="History_of_money" title="History of money">History of money</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content">

<dl><dt><a href="List_of_historical_currencies" title="List of historical currencies">Historical currencies</a></dt></dl>

<ul><li><a href="Aksumite_currency" title="Aksumite currency">Aksumite</a></li>

<li><a href="Achaemenid_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaemenid currency">Achaemenid</a></li>

<li><a href="Byzantine_coinage" title="Byzantine coinage">Byzantine</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_Chinese_coinage" title="Ancient Chinese coinage">Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_Philippine_money" title="History of Philippine money">Filipino</a></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_Greek_coinage" title="Ancient Greek coinage">Greek</a></li>

<li><a href="Coinage_of_India" title="Coinage of India">Indian</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_coins_in_Italy" title="History of coins in Italy">Italian</a></li>

<li><a href="Japanese_currency" title="Japanese currency">Japanese</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_currency" title="Roman currency">Roman</a></li>

<li><a href="Historical_money_of_Tibet" title="Historical money of Tibet">Tibetan</a></li></ul>

<dl><dt>Medieval currencies</dt></dl></div></div></td>

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The taxable status of time dollars as a complementary currency, used as a means of providing <a href="Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">mutual credit</a> in TimeBanking is controversial. Proponents argue such transactions should not be taxed, while American tax authorities view time dollars as taxable barter.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> They are typically called "time credits" or "service credits" outside the United States. TimeBank members exchange services for Time Dollars. Each exchange is recorded as a corresponding <a href="Credit_(finance)" class="mw-redirect" title="Credit (finance)">credit</a> and <a href="Debit" class="mw-redirect" title="Debit">debit</a> in the accounts of the participants. One hour of time is worth one Time Dollar, regardless of the service provided in one hour or how much skill is required to perform the task during that hour. This "one-for-one" system that relies on an abundant resource is designed to both recognize and encourage reciprocal community service, resist <a href="Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a>, avoid hoarding, enable trade, and encourage cooperation among participants.<a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-Collombook-45">[45]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timebanks">Timebanks</h3></div>

Timebanks have been established in 34 countries, with at least 500 timebanks established in 40 US states and 300 throughout the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-yesmag-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-47">[47]</a> TimeBanks also have a significant presence in Japan, South Korea, New Zealand, Taiwan, Senegal, Argentina, Israel, Greece, and Spain.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-bbcjapan-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-greece-50">[50]</a> TimeBanks have been used to reduce recidivism rates with diversionary programs for first-time juvenile offenders; facilitate re-entry of for ex-convicts; deliver health care, job training and social services in public housing complexes; facilitate substance abuse recovery; prevent institutionalization of severely disabled children through parental support networks; provide transportation for homebound seniors in rural areas; deliver elder care, community health services and hospice care; and foster women's rights initiatives in Senegal.<a href="#cite_note-wbsenegal-51">[51]</a><a href="#cite_note-annie-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-homecomers-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-Letcher2009-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-hospice-56">[56]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timebanking">Timebanking</h3></div>

Timebanking is a pattern of reciprocal service exchange that uses units of time as <a href="Currency" title="Currency">currency</a>. It is an example of a complementary <a href="Monetary_system" title="Monetary system">monetary system</a>. A timebank, also known as a service exchange, is a community that practices time banking. The unit of currency, always valued at an hour's worth of any person's labor, used by these groups has various names but is generally known as a time credit in the US and the UK (formerly a time dollar in the US). Timebanking is primarily used to provide <a href="Incentive" title="Incentive">incentives</a> and rewards for work such as mentoring children, caring for the elderly, being neighborly—work usually done on a volunteer basis—which a pure market system devalues. Essentially, the "time" one spends providing these types of community services earns "time" that one can spend to receive services.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a> As well as gaining credits, participating individuals, particularly those more used to being recipients in other parts of their lives, can potentially gain confidence, social contact and skills through giving to others. Communities, therefore, use time banking as a tool to forge stronger intra-community connections, a process known as "building <a href="Social_capital" title="Social capital">social capital</a>". Timebanking had its intellectual genesis in the US in the early 1980s.<a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> By 1990, the <a href="Robert_Wood_Johnson_Foundation" title="Robert Wood Johnson Foundation">Robert Wood Johnson Foundation</a> had invested US$1.2 million to pilot time banking in the context of senior care. Today, 26 countries have active TimeBanks. There are 250 TimeBanks active in the UK<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> and over 276 TimeBanks in the U.S.<a href="#cite_note-60">[60]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timebanking_and_the_timebank">Timebanking and the timebank</h2></div>

Timebank members earn credit in Time Dollars for each hour they spend helping other members of the community. Services offered by members in timebanks include: Child Care, Legal Assistance, Language Lessons, Home Repair, and Respite Care for <a href="Caregivers" class="mw-redirect" title="Caregivers">caregivers</a>, among other things.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-61">[61]</a> Time Dollars AKA time credits earned are then recorded at the timebank to be accessed when desired. A Timebank can theoretically be as simple as a pad of paper, but the system was originally intended to take advantage of computer databases for record keeping.<a href="#cite_note-Cahn_2004_5_6-34">[34]</a> Some Timebanks employ a paid coordinator to keep track of transactions and to match requests for services with those who can provide them.<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Other Timebanks select a member or a group of members to handle these tasks.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-63">[63]</a> Various organizations provide specialized software to help local Timebanks manage exchanges. The same organizations also often offer consulting services, training, and other materials for individuals or organizations looking to start timebanks of their own.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a>

Example services offered by timebank members<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated3-61">[61]</a>

<td>Child care

</td>

<td>Legal assistance

</td>

<td>Language lessons

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Home repair

</td>

<td>Respite care

</td>

<td>Account management

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Writing

</td>

<td>Odd jobs

</td>

<td>Office/business support

</td></tr>

<tr>

<td>Tutoring

</td>

<td>Driving instruction

</td>

<td>Delivery

</td></tr></tbody></table>

The mission of an individual timebank influences exactly which services are offered. In some places, timebanking is adopted as a means to strengthen the community as a whole. Other timebanks are more oriented towards social service, systems change, and helping underprivileged groups. In some timebanks, both are acknowledged goals.<a href="#cite_note-65">[65]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Time_credit">Time credit</h3></div>

The time credit is the fundamental unit of exchange in a timebank, equal to one hour of a person's labor. In traditional timebanks, one hour of one person's time is equal to one hour of another's. Time credits are earned for providing services and spent receiving services. Upon earning a time credit, a person does not need to spend it right away: they can save it indefinitely. However, since the value of a time credit is fixed at one hour, it resists <a href="Inflation" title="Inflation">inflation</a> and does not earn <a href="Interest" title="Interest">interest</a>. In these ways it is intentionally designed to differ from the traditional <a href="Fiat_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Fiat currency">fiat currency</a> used in most countries.<a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> Consequently, it does little good to hoard time credits and, in practice, many timebanks also encourage the donation of excess time credits to a community pool which is then spent for those in need or on community events.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Criticisms">Criticisms</h2></div>

Some criticisms of timebanking have focused on the time credit's inadequacies as a form of currency and as a <a href="Price_signal" title="Price signal">market information mechanism</a>. Frank Fisher of MIT predicted in the 1980s that such a currency "would lead to the kind of distortion of market forces which had crippled <a href="Planned_Economy" class="mw-redirect" title="Planned Economy">Russia's economy</a>."<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a>

Gill Seyfang's study of the Gorbals TimeBank—one of the few studies of timebanking done by the academic community—listed several other non-theoretical problems with timebanking. The first is the difficulty of communicating to potential members exactly what makes timebanking different, or "getting people to understand the difference between timebanking and traditional volunteering."<a href="#cite_note-Seyfang_2004_69-68">[68]</a> She also notes that there is no guarantee that every person's needs will be provided for by a timebank by dint of the fact that the supply of certain skills may be lacking in a community.<a href="#cite_note-Seyfang_2004_69-68">[68]</a>

One of the most stringent criticisms of timebanking is its organizational sustainability. While some member-run TimeBanks with relatively low overhead costs do exist,<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated4-63">[63]</a> others pay a staff to keep the organization running. This can be quite expensive for smaller organizations and without a long-term source of funding, they may fold.<a href="#cite_note-Seyfang_2004_69-68">[68]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timebanking_around_the_world">Timebanking around the world</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Global_timebanking">Global timebanking</h3></div>

The <a href="Community_Exchange_System" title="Community Exchange System">Community Exchange System</a> (CES) is a global network of communities using alternative exchange systems, many of which use timebanks. Timebanks can trade with each other wherever they are, as well as with <a href="Mutual_credit" title="Mutual credit">mutual credit</a> exchanges. The system uses a base 'currency' of one hour, and the conversion rates between the different exchange groups are based on national average hourly wage rates. This allows timebanks to trade with mutual credit exchanges in the same or different countries.

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Studies_and_examples">Studies and examples</h2></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Elderplan">Elderplan</h3></div>

Elderplan was a social <a href="HMO" class="mw-redirect" title="HMO">HMO</a> which incorporated timebanking as a way to promote active, engaged lifestyles for its older members. Funding for the "social" part of social HMOs has since dried up and much of the program has been cut, but at its height, members were able to pay portions of their premiums in time credits (back then called Time Dollars) instead of hard currency.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a> The idea was to encourage older people to become more engaged in their communities while also to ask for help more often and "[foster] dignity by allowing people to contribute services as well as receive them."<a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Gorbals_timebank_study">Gorbals timebank study</h3></div>

In 2004, Gill Seyfang published a study in the Community Development Journal about the effects of a timebank located in the <a href="Gorbals" title="Gorbals">Gorbals</a> area of <a href="Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a>, Scotland, "an inner-city estate characterized by high levels of deprivation, poverty, unemployment, poor health and low educational attainment."<a href="#cite_note-Seyfang_2004_64-72">[72]</a> The Gorbals Timebank is run by a local charity with the intent to combat the social ills that face the region.<a href="#cite_note-Seyfang_2004_64-72">[72]</a> Seyfang concluded that the timebank was effective at "building community capacity" and "promoting social inclusion."<a href="#cite_note-Seyfang_2004_67_68-73">[73]</a> She highlights the timebank's success at "[re-stitching] the social fabric of the Gorbals."<a href="#cite_note-Seyfang_2004_67_68-73">[73]</a> by "[boosting] engagement in existing projects and activities" in a variety of projects including a community safety network, a library, a healthy living project, and a theatre.<a href="#cite_note-Seyfang_2004_67_68-73">[73]</a> She writes that "the timebank had enabled people to access help they otherwise would have had to do without," help which included home repair, gardening, a funeral, and tuition paid in time credits to a continuing education course.<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Timebank_Florianópolis">Timebank Florianópolis</h3></div>

The Time Bank of the City of Florianópolis (BTF) is one of the first and best known Time Banks in Brazil. The initiative was conceived in September 2015 at a local Zeitgeist meeting, part of the international sustainability movement.<a href="#cite_note-75">[75]</a> BTF works from a Facebook group that has more than 20,000 members, and exchanges are counted in a spreadsheet shared with users. Scientific research on BTF indicates that the time bank is a means for creating social capital in local society<a href="#cite_note-76">[76]</a> and that BTF members have different socioeconomic characteristics compared to residents of the city of Florianópolis. Younger, non-white, employed, female individuals, working in the informal sector, with a higher education level and with a higher monthly income are more likely to be BTF members.<a href="#cite_note-77">[77]</a>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spice_Timebank">Spice Timebank</h3></div>

Spice is a social enterprise that has developed a time-based currency called Time Credits. Spice works across health and social care, housing, community development and education, supporting organisations and services to use Time Credits to achieve their outcomes. Spice grew out of the work of the Wales Institute for Community Currencies in the former mining districts of South Wales, UK.<a href="#cite_note-Monneta_2016-78">[78]</a>

Several Studies are done based on Spice Timebank or referenced this timebank.<a href="#cite_note-Markkanen_Burgess_p.-79">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bird_Boyle_2014_p.-80">[80]</a> In a 2016 survey, based on a 1000 members of Spice timebank, 77% of respondents said Time Credits have had a positive impact on their quality of life, 42% reported that they learned a new skill and 30% reported that they have less need to go to doctor.<a href="#cite_note-81">[81]</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cincinnati_Time_Store" title="Cincinnati Time Store">Cincinnati Time Store</a></li>

<li><a href="Collaborative_finance" title="Collaborative finance">Collaborative finance</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_currency" class="mw-redirect" title="Community currency">Community currency</a></li>

<li><a href="Community_Exchange_System" title="Community Exchange System">Community Exchange System</a> (CES)</li>

<li><a href="Coproduction_of_public_services_by_service_users_and_communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Coproduction of public services by service users and communities">Coproduction of public services by service users and communities</a></li>

<li><a href="Fiscal_localism" title="Fiscal localism">Fiscal localism</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour_theory_of_value" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour theory of value">Labour theory of value</a></li>

<li><a href="Labour-time_voucher" class="mw-redirect" title="Labour-time voucher">Labour-time voucher</a></li>

<li><a href="Local_exchange_trading_system" title="Local exchange trading system">Local exchange trading system</a> (LETS)</li>

<li><a href="Sweat_equity" title="Sweat equity">Sweat equity</a></li></ul>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>

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</style><cite id="CITEREFTyler1953" class="citation journal cs1">Tyler, A.F. (1953). "Men Against the State: The Expositors of Individualist Anarchism in America, 1827-1908 by James J. Martin and Harry Elmer Barnes". <a href="Indiana_Magazine_of_History" title="Indiana Magazine of History">Indiana Magazine of History</a>: 2.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELietaer20044-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELietaer20044_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELietaer20044_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELietaer20044_8-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLietaer2004">Lietaer (2004)</a>, 4. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLietaer2004 (help)

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELebra2007169-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebra2007169_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebra2007169_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELebra2007169_9-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFLebra2007">Lebra (2007)</a>, 169. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFLebra2007 (help)

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHayashi201233-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHayashi201233_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHayashi2012">Hayashi (2012)</a>, 33. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFHayashi2012 (help)

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2008a5-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2008a5_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2008a">Miller (2008a)</a>, 5. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiller2008a (help)

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2008a6-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2008a6_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2008a">Miller (2008a)</a>, 6. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiller2008a (help)

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2008a7-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2008a7_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2008a">Miller (2008a)</a>, 7. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiller2008a (help)

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<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDower199987-112-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDower199987-112_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDower1999">Dower (1999)</a>, 87-112. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFDower1999 (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2008a11,_12-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2008a11,_12_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2008a">Miller (2008a)</a>, 11, 12. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiller2008a (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMizushima1984191-16"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMizushima1984191_16-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMizushima1984">Mizushima (1984)</a>, 191. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMizushima1984 (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2008a20-17"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2008a20_17-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2008a">Miller (2008a)</a>, 20. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiller2008a (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2008a25-18"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2008a25_18-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMiller2008a">Miller (2008a)</a>, 25. sfnp error: no target: CITEREFMiller2008a (help)

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<li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCastoriadis1988" class="citation book cs1">Castoriadis, Cornelius (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.libcom.org/files/cc_psw_v1.pdf">Political and Social Writings Volume 1</a> (PDF). <a href="University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCastoriadis1988" class="citation book cs1">Castoriadis, Cornelius (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.libcom.org/files/cc_psw_v2.pdf">Political and Social Writings Volume 2</a> (PDF). <a href="University_of_Minnesota_Press" title="University of Minnesota Press">University of Minnesota Press</a>. p. 151.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCahn1992" class="citation book cs1">Cahn, Edgar (1992). Time Dollars: The New Currency That Enables Americans to Turn Their Hidden Resource-Time-Into Personal Security & Community Renewal. Emmaus, Pennsylvania: Rodale Press. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-87857-985-3</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCahn2004">Cahn (2004)</a>, p. xix

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<li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeyfang2004">Seyfang (2004)</a>, p. 66

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<li id="cite_note-Collombook-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Collombook_45-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCollomLasker2012" class="citation book cs1">Collom, Ed; Lasker, Judith (2012). Equal Time, Equal Value: Community Currencies and Time Banking in the US. Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing Limited. pp. 19–20. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-1-4094-4904-1</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-yesmag-46"><a href="#cite_ref-yesmag_46-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFCahn2011" class="citation news cs1">Cahn, Edgar (November 17, 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yesmagazine.org/new-economy/time-banking-an-idea-whose-time-has-come">"Time Banking: An Idea Whose Time Has Come?"</a>. Yes Magazine. Retrieved 7 April 2013.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSimon2010" class="citation book cs1">Simon, Martin (2010). Your Money or Your Life: Time for Both. Gloucestershire, UK: Freedom Favours. pp. 110–115. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-9566556-0-8</bdi>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-wbsenegal-51"><a href="#cite_ref-wbsenegal_51-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFShahSamb2011" class="citation report cs1">Shah, Angana; Samb, Pape (October 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openknowledge.worldbank.org/bitstream/handle/10986/10431/652800BRI0IFC000Banking0Angana0Shah.pdf?sequence=1">Time Banking™ Is More Than Money for Women in Senegal</a> (PDF) (Report). World Bank, International Finance Corporation. pp. 1–4. Retrieved 7 April 2013. <q>foster women's rights initiatives in Senegal.</q></cite>

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<li id="cite_note-annie-52"><a href="#cite_ref-annie_52-0">^</a> <cite class="citation report cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071029033232/http://www.aecf.org/upload/PublicationFiles/EC3617D80.pdf">Building Social and Economic Support Networks with Time Dollars</a> (PDF) (Report). Baltimore, MD: Annie E. Casey Foundation and the Center for the Study of Public Policy. 2004. pp. 5–10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aecf.org/upload/PublicationFiles/EC3617D80.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 29 October 2007. Retrieved 12 June 2017.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-Letcher2009-55"><a href="#cite_ref-Letcher2009_55-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFLetcherPerlow2009" class="citation journal cs1">Letcher, Abby S.; Perlow, Kathy M. (December 2009). "Community-Based Participatory Research Shows How a Community Initiative Creates Networks to Improve Well-Being". American Journal of Preventive Medicine. 37 (6S1): S292 – S299. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.amepre.2009.08.008">10.1016/j.amepre.2009.08.008</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19896032">19896032</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-hospice-56"><a href="#cite_ref-hospice_56-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMiyashita2008" class="citation journal cs1">Miyashita, Mitsunori; et al. (June–July 2008). "The Japan HOspice and Palliative Care Evaluation study (J-HOPE study): study design and characteristics of participating institutions". American Journal of Hospice and Palliative Medicine. 25 (3): 223–232. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F1049909108315517">10.1177/1049909108315517</a>. <a href="PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18573997">18573997</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:206633499">206633499</a>.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeyfang2004">Seyfang (2004)</a>, p. 63

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<li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timebanking.org/about.asp">About Time Banking UK</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081015034402/http://www.timebanking.org/about.asp">Archived</a> 2008-10-15 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Accessed March 23, 2012.

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<li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130116013646/http://community.timebanks.org/directory?quicktabs_directory_tabs=1#quicktabs-directory_tabs">"Directory of TimeBanks"</a>. community.timebanks.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://community.timebanks.org/directory?quicktabs_directory_tabs=1#quicktabs-directory_tabs">the original</a> on 2013-01-16. Retrieved 2014-04-18.</cite>

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<li id="cite_note-autogenerated3-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated3_61-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080930083016/http://www.mainetimebanks.org/bank/Services.htm?v=A&n=&l=">Exchanging Services – Banking Time – Strengthening Communities</a> Hour Exchange Portland, Accessed May 30, 2008

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<li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> e.g., the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hourexchangeportland.org/">Hour Exchange Portland</a>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-autogenerated4-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-autogenerated4_63-1">b</a> e.g., the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.capeanntimebanks.org">Cape Ann Time Bank</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190630122316/http://www.capeanntimebanks.org/">Archived</a> 2019-06-30 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

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<li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> In the U.K.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timebanking.org/">TimeBanking UK</a>; in the U.S.: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timebanks.org/">TimeBanks USA</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.portlandtimebank.org/">Portland Time Bank</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218004535/http://portlandtimebank.org/">Archived</a> 2014-12-18 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>

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<li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeyfang2001">Seyfang (2001)</a>

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<li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCahn2004">Cahn (2004)</a>, pp. 59–77

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<li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCahn2004">Cahn (2004)</a>, p. 6

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<li id="cite_note-Seyfang_2004_69-68">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seyfang_2004_69_68-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seyfang_2004_69_68-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seyfang_2004_69_68-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeyfang2004">Seyfang (2004)</a>, p. 69

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<li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timebank.org.nz/node/97">Sustainability – The Business of Timebanking..</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160809054630/http://timebank.org.nz/node/97">Archived</a> 2016-08-09 at the <a href="Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Time Bank Aotearoa New Zealand, Accessed July 23, 2012.

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<li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> Louv, Richard. "Time Dollars gain currency helping the needy" San Diego Tribune May 31, 1995.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> Wetzstein, Cheryl. "Seniors use time, not money, to buy services; Idea helps promote independent living" The Washington Times December 17, 1998.

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Seyfang_2004_64-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seyfang_2004_64_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seyfang_2004_64_72-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeyfang2004">Seyfang (2004)</a>, p. 64

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Seyfang_2004_67_68-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Seyfang_2004_67_68_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seyfang_2004_67_68_73-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Seyfang_2004_67_68_73-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeyfang2004">Seyfang (2004)</a>, pp. 67–68

</li>

<li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSeyfang2004">Seyfang (2004)</a>, p. 68

</li>

<li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFSayuri2017" class="citation web cs1">Sayuri, Juliana (30 November 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vice.com/pt/article/o-banco-que-quer-seu-tempo-nao-seu-dinheiro/">"O banco que quer seu tempo, não seu dinheiro"</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRomanello2017" class="citation journal cs1">Romanello, Michele (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://apec.pro.br/rce/index.php/rce/article/view/16">"Participação em bancos de tempo: utilizando dados sobre transações para avaliar o Banco de Tempo - Florianópolis"</a>. Revista Catarinense de Economia. 1 (2): 48–65. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.54805%2FRCE.2527-1180.v1.n2.16">10.54805/RCE.2527-1180.v1.n2.16</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:246586584">246586584</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFRomanelloSchneider_Muller_Pereira_Ribas2020" class="citation journal cs1">Romanello, Michele; Schneider Muller Pereira Ribas, Kamila (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7867%2F2317-5443.2020v8n1p195-210">""Banco de Tempo-Florianópolis": análise das características socioeconômicas de seus membros"</a>. Revista Brasileira de Desenvolvimento Regional. 1: 195. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.7867%2F2317-5443.2020v8n1p195-210">10.7867/2317-5443.2020v8n1p195-210</a>.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Monneta_2016-78"><a href="#cite_ref-Monneta_2016_78-0">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://monneta.org/en/spice-support-for-community-time-credits-in-the-uk/">"Spice - support for community time credits in the UK"</a>. Monneta. 2016-02-15. Retrieved 2022-07-16.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Markkanen_Burgess_p.-79"><a href="#cite_ref-Markkanen_Burgess_p._79-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFMarkkanenBurgess2016" class="citation journal cs1">Markkanen, Sanna; Burgess, Gemma (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rgdoi.net/10.13140/RG.2.1.1069.7365">"Introduction to time banking and Time Credits"</a>. Unpublished. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.13140%2FRG.2.1.1069.7365">10.13140/RG.2.1.1069.7365</a>. Retrieved 2022-07-16.</cite> <code class="cs1-code">{{cite journal}}</code>: Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (help)

</li>

<li id="cite_note-Bird_Boyle_2014_p.-80"><a href="#cite_ref-Bird_Boyle_2014_p._80-0">^</a> <cite id="CITEREFBirdBoyle2014" class="citation book cs1">Bird, S.; Boyle, D. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LIiSBQAAQBAJ">Give and Take: How timebanking is transforming healthcare</a>. Timebanking UK. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <bdi>978-0-9930579-0-8</bdi>. Retrieved 2022-07-16.</cite>

</li>

<li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://democracy.chorley.gov.uk/documents/s66712/Chorley%20Time%20Credits%20-%20Measuring%20the%20Impact%20Report%202016.pdf">"How Spice Time Credits are creating system change"</a> (PDF). Retrieved 2022-07-16.</cite>

</li>

</ol></div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div>

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<ul><li>Cahn, Edgar S. (1992). Time Dollars: The New Currency That Enables Americans to Turn Their Hidden Resource Time Into Personal Security and Community Renewal. Emmaus, Penn.: Rodale Press.</li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCahn1999" class="citation journal cs1">Cahn, Edgar S. (1999). "Time dollars, work and community: from 'why?' to 'why not?'". <a href="Futures_(journal)" title="Futures (journal)">Futures</a>. 31 (5): 499–509. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0016-3287%2899%2900009-9">10.1016/S0016-3287(99)00009-9</a>.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFCahn2004" class="citation book cs1">Cahn, Edgar S. (2004). No More Throw Away People. Washington, DC: Essential Books.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSeyfang2001" class="citation journal cs1">Seyfang, Gill (2001). "Re-stitching the social fabric: one favour at a time". <a href="Town_and_Country_Planning_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Town and Country Planning (journal)">Town and Country Planning</a>. 90 (9): 251–253.</cite></li>

<li><cite id="CITEREFSeyfang2004" class="citation journal cs1">Seyfang, Gill (2004). "Time banks: rewarding community self-help in the inner city?". <a href="Community_Development_Journal" title="Community Development Journal">Community Development Journal</a>. 39 (1): 62–71. <a href="Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Fcdj%2F39.1.62">10.1093/cdj/39.1.62</a>. <a href="S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:154983448">154983448</a>.</cite></li></ul>

</div>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>

<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aB8ifVJ34JU">TimeBanking</a> on <a href="YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a></li></ul>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time758" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Time758" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Time" title="Time">Time</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Key concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Present" title="Present">Present</a></li>

<li><a href="Future" title="Future">Future</a></li>

<li><a href="Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Horology" class="mw-redirect" title="Horology">Measurement</a> and <a href="Time_standard" title="Time standard">standards</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="Chronometry" title="Chronometry">Chronometry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Orders_of_magnitude_(time)" title="Orders of magnitude (time)">Orders of magnitude (time)</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="System_of_measurement" class="mw-redirect" title="System of measurement">Measurement systems</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Italian_six-hour_clock" title="Italian six-hour clock">Italian six-hour clock</a></li>

<li><a href="Thai_six-hour_clock" title="Thai six-hour clock">Thai six-hour clock</a></li>

<li><a href="12-hour_clock" title="12-hour clock">12-hour clock</a></li>

<li><a href="24-hour_clock" title="24-hour clock">24-hour clock</a></li>

<li><a href="Relative_hour" title="Relative hour">Relative hour</a></li>

<li><a href="Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">Daylight saving time</a></li>

<li><a href="Traditional_Chinese_timekeeping" title="Traditional Chinese timekeeping">Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Decimal_time" title="Decimal time">Decimal</a></li>

<li><a href="Hexadecimal_time" title="Hexadecimal time">Hexadecimal</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindu_units_of_time" title="Hindu units of time">Hindu</a></li>

<li><a href="Metric_time" title="Metric time">Metric</a></li>

<li><a href="Roman_timekeeping" title="Roman timekeeping">Roman</a></li>

<li><a href="Sidereal_time" title="Sidereal time">Sidereal</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_time" title="Solar time">Solar</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="Calendar" title="Calendar">Calendars</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Calendar#Systems" title="Calendar">Main types</a>

<ul><li><a href="Solar_calendar" title="Solar calendar">Solar</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunar_calendar" title="Lunar calendar">Lunar</a></li>

<li><a href="Lunisolar_calendar" title="Lunisolar calendar">Lunisolar</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Gregorian_calendar" title="Gregorian calendar">Gregorian</a></li>

<li><a href="Julian_calendar" title="Julian calendar">Julian</a></li>

<li><a href="Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew</a></li>

<li><a href="Islamic_calendar" title="Islamic calendar">Islamic</a></li>

<li><a href="Solar_Hijri_calendar" title="Solar Hijri calendar">Solar Hijri</a></li>

<li><a href="Chinese_calendar" title="Chinese calendar">Chinese</a></li>

<li><a href="Hindu_calendar" title="Hindu calendar">Hindu Panchang</a></li>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="Clock" title="Clock">Clocks</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Clock#Types" title="Clock">Main types</a>

<ul><li><a href="Astronomical_clock" title="Astronomical clock">astronomical</a>

<ul><li><a href="Astrarium" title="Astrarium">astrarium</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic</a>

<ul><li><a href="Quantum_clock" class="mw-redirect" title="Quantum clock">quantum</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Hourglass" title="Hourglass">hourglass</a></li>

<li><a href="Marine_chronometer" title="Marine chronometer">marine</a></li>

<li><a href="Sundial" title="Sundial">sundial</a></li>

<li><a href="Watch" title="Watch">watch</a>

<ul><li><a href="24-hour_analogue_dial" class="mw-redirect" title="24-hour analogue dial">24-hour wristwatch</a></li>

<li><a href="Mechanical_watch" title="Mechanical watch">mechanical</a></li>

<li><a href="Stopwatch" title="Stopwatch">stopwatch</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Water_clock" title="Water clock">water-based</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Cuckoo_clock" title="Cuckoo clock">Cuckoo clock</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_clock" title="Digital clock">Digital clock</a></li>

<li><a href="Grandfather_clock" title="Grandfather clock">Grandfather clock</a></li>

<li><a href="History_of_timekeeping_devices" title="History of timekeeping devices">History</a>

<ul><li><a href="Timeline_of_time_measurement_inventions" title="Timeline of time measurement inventions">Timeline</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="Chronology" title="Chronology">Chronology</a></li><li><a href="History" title="History">History</a></li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Astronomical_chronology" title="Astronomical chronology">Astronomical chronology</a></li>

<li><a href="Big_History" title="Big History">Big History</a></li>

<li><a href="Calendar_era" title="Calendar era">Calendar era</a></li>

<li><a href="Periodization" title="Periodization">Periodization</a></li>

<li><a href="Regnal_year" title="Regnal year">Regnal year</a></li>

<li><a href="Timeline" title="Timeline">Timeline</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Philosophy_of_space_and_time" title="Philosophy of space and time">Philosophy of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="A_series_and_B_series" title="A series and B series">A series and B series</a></li>

<li><a href="B-theory_of_time" title="B-theory of time">B-theory of time</a></li>

<li><a href="Chronocentrism" title="Chronocentrism">Chronocentrism</a></li>

<li><a href="Duration_(philosophy)" title="Duration (philosophy)">Duration</a></li>

<li><a href="Endurantism" title="Endurantism">Endurantism</a></li>

<li><a href="Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li>

<li><a href="Eternalism_(philosophy_of_time)" title="Eternalism (philosophy of time)">Eternalism</a></li>

<li><a href="Event_(philosophy)" title="Event (philosophy)">Event</a></li>

<li><a href="Perdurantism" title="Perdurantism">Perdurantism</a></li>

<li><a href="Philosophical_presentism" title="Philosophical presentism">Presentism</a></li>

<li><a href="Temporal_finitism" title="Temporal finitism">Temporal finitism</a></li>

<li><a href="Temporal_parts" title="Temporal parts">Temporal parts</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Unreality_of_Time" title="The Unreality of Time">The Unreality of Time</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Religion</li><li>Mythology</li></ul></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Destiny" title="Destiny">Destiny</a></li>

<li><a href="Immortality" title="Immortality">Immortality</a></li>

<li><a href="The_Dreaming" title="The Dreaming">Dreamtime</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_and_fate_deities" title="Time and fate deities">Time and fate deities</a>

<ul><li><a href="Father_Time" title="Father Time">Father Time</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Wheel_of_time" title="Wheel of time">Wheel of time</a>

<ul><li><a href="Kalachakra" title="Kalachakra">Kalachakra</a></li></ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Time_perception" title="Time perception">Human experience</a> and <a href="Time-use_research" title="Time-use research">use of time</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chronemics" title="Chronemics">Chronemics</a></li>

<li><a href="Generation_time" title="Generation time">Generation time</a></li>

<li><a href="Mental_chronometry" title="Mental chronometry">Mental chronometry</a></li>

<li><a href="Duration_(music)" title="Duration (music)">Music</a>

<ul><li><a href="Tempo" title="Tempo">tempo</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_signature" title="Time signature">time signature</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Rosy_retrospection" title="Rosy retrospection">Rosy retrospection</a></li>

<li><a href="Tense%E2%80%93aspect%E2%80%93mood" title="Tense–aspect–mood">Tense–aspect–mood</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_management" title="Time management">Time management</a></li>

<li><a href="Yesterday_(time)" title="Yesterday (time)">Yesterday</a> – <a href="Present" title="Present">Today</a> – <a href="Tomorrow_(time)" title="Tomorrow (time)">Tomorrow</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Time in <a href="Science" title="Science">science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="Geology" title="Geology">Geology</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Geologic_time_scale" title="Geologic time scale">Geological time</a>

<li><a href="Chronozone" title="Chronozone">chron</a></li>

<li><a href="Epoch_(geology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epoch (geology)">epoch</a></li>

<li><a href="Geological_period" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological period">period</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Geochronology" title="Geochronology">Geochronology</a></li>

<li><a href="Geological_history_of_Earth" title="Geological history of Earth">Geological history of Earth</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;"><a href="Time_in_physics" title="Time in physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Absolute_space_and_time" title="Absolute space and time">Absolute space and time</a></li>

<li><a href="Arrow_of_time" title="Arrow of time">Arrow of time</a></li>

<li><a href="Chronon" title="Chronon">Chronon</a></li>

<li><a href="Coordinate_time" title="Coordinate time">Coordinate time</a></li>

<li><a href="Instant" title="Instant">Instant</a></li>

<li><a href="Proper_time" title="Proper time">Proper time</a></li>

<li><a href="Spacetime" title="Spacetime">Spacetime</a></li>

<li><a href="Theory_of_relativity" title="Theory of relativity">Theory of relativity</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_domain" title="Time domain">Time domain</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_translation_symmetry" class="mw-redirect" title="Time translation symmetry">Time translation symmetry</a></li>

<li><a href="T-symmetry" title="T-symmetry">Time reversal symmetry</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.5em;font-weight:normal; text-align:center;">Other fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Chronological_dating" title="Chronological dating">Chronological dating</a></li>

<li><a href="Chronobiology" title="Chronobiology">Chronobiology</a>

<ul><li><a href="Circadian_rhythm" title="Circadian rhythm">Circadian rhythms</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Chemical_clock" title="Chemical clock">Clock reaction</a></li>

<li><a href="Glottochronology" title="Glottochronology">Glottochronology</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_geography" title="Time geography">Time geography</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<li><a href="Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></li>

<li><a href="Moment_(unit)" title="Moment (unit)">Moment</a></li>

<li><a href="Space" title="Space">Space</a></li>

<li><a href="System_time" title="System time">System time</a></li>

<li><a href="Tempus_fugit" title="Tempus fugit">Tempus fugit</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_capsule" title="Time capsule">Time capsule</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">Time immemorial</a></li>

<li><a href="Time_travel" title="Time travel">Time travel</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>

<ul><li> Category</li>

<li> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Time" class="extiw external" title="commons:Category:Time">Commons</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Medium_of_exchange124" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Medium_of_exchange124" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="Medium_of_exchange" title="Medium of exchange">Medium of exchange</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Commodity_money" title="Commodity money">Commodity money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Axe-monies" title="Axe-monies">Axe-money</a> (W. Mesoamerica & N. Andes)</li>

<li><a href="Cocoa_bean" title="Cocoa bean">Cocoa bean</a> (Mesoamerica)</li>

<li><a href="Manilla_(money)" title="Manilla (money)">Manilla</a> (W. Africa)</li>

<li><a href="Precious_metal" title="Precious metal">Precious metals</a></li>

<li><a href="Quachtli" title="Quachtli">Quachtli</a> (cotton cloth)</li>

<li><a href="Salt" title="Salt">Salt</a> (Roman world)</li>

<li><a href="Shekel" title="Shekel">Shekel</a> (barley)</li>

<li><a href="Shell_money" title="Shell money">Shells</a></li>

<li><a href="Trade_beads" title="Trade beads">Trade bead</a></li></ul>

</div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domestic animals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Water_buffalo" title="Water buffalo">Water buffalo</a> (SE Asia)</li>

<li><a href="Cattle" title="Cattle">Cow</a> (Hindu)</li>

<li><a href="Camel" title="Camel">Camel</a> (Arabia)</li>

<li><a href="Yak" title="Yak">Yak</a> (Tibet, China)</li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Representative_money" title="Representative money">Representative money</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bimetallism" title="Bimetallism">Bimetallism</a></li>

<li><a href="Gold_certificate_(United_States)" title="Gold certificate (United States)">Gold certificates</a></li>

<li><a href="Demurrage_currency" title="Demurrage currency">Demurrage currency</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div>

</div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="3" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="Money" title="Money">Money</a> (<a href="Fiat_money" title="Fiat money">Fiat</a>/<a href="Token_money" title="Token money">Token</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="Bailment" title="Bailment">Bailment</a></li>

<li><a href="Banknote" title="Banknote">Banknote</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_bank_digital_currency" title="Central bank digital currency">Central bank digital currency</a></li>

<li><a href="Personal_property" title="Personal property">Chattel/movable property</a></li>

<li><a href="Cheque" title="Cheque">Cheque</a></li>

<li><a href="Clearing_(finance)" title="Clearing (finance)">Clearing</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cheque_clearing" title="Cheque clearing">Cheque clearing</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Clay_tablet" title="Clay tablet">Clay token</a></li>

<li><a href="Coin" title="Coin">Coinage</a></li>

<li><a href="Currency" title="Currency">Currency</a></li>

<li><a href="Deposit_(finance)" title="Deposit (finance)">Deposit</a>

<ul><li><a href="Deposit_account" title="Deposit account">Deposit account</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Legal_tender" title="Legal tender">Legal tender</a></li>

<li><a href="Notary" title="Notary">Notary</a></li>

<li><a href="Paper_money" title="Paper money">Paper money</a></li>

<li><a href="Possession_(law)" title="Possession (law)">Possession</a></li>

<li><a href="Promissory_note" title="Promissory note">Promissory note</a></li>

<li><a href="Redemption_value" title="Redemption value">Redemption</a></li>

<li><a href="Safe" title="Safe">Safekeeping</a></li></ul>

</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">General</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">

<ul><li><a href="List_of_historical_currencies" title="List of historical currencies">List of historical currencies</a></li>

<li><a href="Barter" title="Barter">Barter</a>

<ul><li><a href="Coincidence_of_wants" title="Coincidence of wants">Coincidence of wants</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Bureau_de_change" title="Bureau de change">Bureau de change</a></li>

<li><a href="Central_bank" title="Central bank">Central bank</a></li>

<li><a href="Clearing_house_(finance)" title="Clearing house (finance)">Clearinghouse bank</a></li>

<li><a href="Savings_bank" title="Savings bank">Savings bank</a>

<ul><li><a href="Depository_institution" title="Depository institution">Depository institution</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Ancient_Mesopotamian_units_of_measurement" title="Ancient Mesopotamian units of measurement">Akkadian standards of measurement</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 2150 BC)</li>

<li><a href="Code_of_Hammurabi" title="Code of Hammurabi">Code of Hammurabi</a> (<a href="Banker_(ancient)" title="Banker (ancient)">§100; §122–125</a>; c. 1750 BC)</li>

<li><a href="Metallism" title="Metallism">Commodity theory of money (Metallism)</a></li>

<li><a href="Credit_theory_of_money" title="Credit theory of money">Credit theory of money</a>

<ul><li><a href="Chartalism" title="Chartalism">Chartalism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Quantity_theory_of_money" title="Quantity theory of money">Quantity theory of money</a>

<ul><li><a href="Monetarism" title="Monetarism">Monetarism</a></li>

<li><a href="Market_monetarism" title="Market monetarism">Market monetarism</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Standard_of_deferred_payment" title="Standard of deferred payment">Standard of deferred payment</a></li>

<li><a href="Store_of_value" title="Store of value">Store of value</a></li>

<li><a href="Unit_of_account" title="Unit of account">Unit of account</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_currency" title="Digital currency">Digital currency</a>

<ul><li><a href="Cryptocurrency" title="Cryptocurrency">Cryptocurrency</a></li>

<li><a href="Digital_gold_currency" title="Digital gold currency">Digital gold currency</a></li>

<li><a href="Virtual_currency" title="Virtual currency">Virtual currency</a></li></ul></li>

<li><a href="Local_currency" title="Local currency">Local currency</a>

<ul><li><a href="Complementary_currency" title="Complementary currency">Complementary currency</a></li>

<li><a href="Sectoral_currency" title="Sectoral currency">Sectoral currency</a></li>

</ul></li></ul>

</div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>

<div class="navbox-styles"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185877#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata646" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185877#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata646" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh2016000125">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007417317705171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/c6e27ac8-99ca-49ad-ac77-f3a71c9fac0b">Yale LUX</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div><div><div class="zim-footer">

This article is issued from <a class="external text" title="Last edited on 2025-07-18" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/?title=Time-based_currency&oldid=1301240052">Wikipedia</a>. The text is available under <a class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en">Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0</a> unless otherwise noted. Additional terms may apply for the media files.

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